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<p><b>Codex Boturini</b>, also known as the <i><b>Tira de la Peregrinación de los Mexica</b></i> (Tale of the Mexica Migration), is an <a href="Aztec_codex" title="Aztec codex">Aztec codex</a>, which depicts the migration of the <a href="Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Azteca</a>, later <a href="Mexica" title="Mexica">Mexica</a>, people from <a href="Aztl%C3%A1n" title="Aztlán">Aztlán</a>. Its date of manufacture is unknown, but likely to have occurred before or just after the <a href="Conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of the Aztec Empire">Conquest of the Aztec Empire</a> (1519–1521). At least two other Aztec codices have been influenced by the content and style of the Boturini Codex. This Codex has become an insignia of <a href="Mexica" title="Mexica">Mexica</a> history and pilgrimage and is carved into a stone wall at the entrance of the <a href="National_Museum_of_Anthropology_(Mexico)" title="National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)">National Museum of Anthropology</a> and History in <a href="Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The codex is currently located in the <a href="National_Museum_of_Anthropology_(Mexico)" title="National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)">National Museum of Anthropology</a> in <a href="Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>.

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<p>This codex is referred to either as Codex Boturini or as the <i>Tira de la Peregrinación de los Mexica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan20197_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan20197-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAguilar-Moreno2007267_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAguilar-Moreno2007267-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former name comes from the 18th century Italian scholar and collector of Aztec manuscripts, <a href="Lorenzo_Boturini_Benaduci" title="Lorenzo Boturini Benaduci">Lorenzo Boturini Benaduci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan20197_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan20197-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div>

<p>The codex consists of a single 549 cm (216 in) long and 19.8 cm (7.8 in) high sheet of <a href="Amate" title="Amate">amate</a>, <a href="Book_folding" title="Book folding">folded</a> like an <a href="Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a> into 21.5 sheets 25.4 cm (10.0 in) wide on average.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAguilar-Moreno2007267_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAguilar-Moreno2007267-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan20197,_15_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan20197,_15-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <i>tlacuilo</i> who fashioned the Boturini Codex was familiar with the <a href="Aztec_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec writing">Aztec writing system</a>. The style consistency of the images suggested that the codex had a single author. The alphabetic writing in the codex, also in <a href="Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>, appears to have been added later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan20197_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan20197-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The codex appears to be unfinished, as it was never painted with more than the red ink used to link the date blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These colors, derived from natural pigments, would have been widely available to <i>tlacuiloque</i> of the pre-Conquest and early Colonial period, per the <a href="Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Florentine Codex</a>. Those two colors were also of great importance to pre-Conquest <i>tlacuiloque</i>, as noted by period sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201913,_16_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201913,_16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The lines of red ink connect the date glyphs to the locations the Mexica arrive at. Erasures present in the codex on folios 8 to 11 show that the <i>tlacuilo</i> first tried to connect places and dates by connecting the date of arrival to the location and then to the date of arrival at the next destination. Instead, he used footprints in black ink to carry the Mexica from one destination to the next.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201919–20_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201919–20-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The codex has 24 alphabetical Nahuatl <a href="Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">glosses</a> of a faded sepia-colored ink, added after its manufacture. Analyzing and translating the still legible glosses, scholar Patrick Johansson Keraudren found them to be place names or short phrases of a 16th century quality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201926_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201926-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h3></div>

<p>The sheets of amate were glued together sheet-by-sheet on the obverse, with reinforcing strips along the fold-lines on the back. The glue, according to paper scholar Hans Lenz, was made from the roots of <a href="Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a> plants and <a href="Enterolobium_cyclocarpum" title="Enterolobium cyclocarpum">guanacaste</a> sap. Next, the <i>tlacuilo</i> applied a <a href="Gesso" title="Gesso">gesso</a> to fill the paper's pores and make the surface more even, but only on the obverse side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201915–16_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201915–16-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>tlacuilo</i> then drafted the entirety of the codex in pale black ink, then tied the glyphs and date blocks together with a draft line of red ink. Once the "tlacuilo" had made corrections, the <i>tlacuilo</i> applied a heavy black ink over the drafting black ink, but it is still visible in places. The red draft lines were never painted over. Some of the erasures the <i>tlacuilo</i> made are still evident. Angela Herren Rajagopalan, a scholar of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican art, believes that the <i>tlacuilo</i> worked all at once rather than folio-by-folio.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201916–17,_18_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201916–17,_18-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The red draft ink used in the codex is likely diluted <a href="Cochineal" title="Cochineal">cochineal</a> extract or a clay-based pigment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201918_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201918-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The date of Boturini Codex's creation is unknown, but the codex had to have been made in the early 16th century AD in the Basin of Mexico. It was assumed by scholars of the 18th and 19th centuries that the codex, because of its style, was pre-Conquest. This began to be contested in the mid-20th century by such scholars as Donald Robertson. He argued that the dating glyphs, grouped and "edited", made it of Colonial make, as pre-Conquest dating glyphs would be in a continuous horizontal stream, like that of the <a href="Codex_Mexicanus" title="Codex Mexicanus">Codex Mexicanus</a>. Historian Pablo Escalante also suggested a post-Colonial manufacture, citing the lack of color and simpleness of the humans in the codex. These choices in style indicate, but do not prove, that the Boturini Codex was produced during or just after the Conquest. Its material and stylistic composition closely match <a href="Peter_Martyr_d'Anghiera" title="Peter Martyr d'Anghiera">Peter Martyr d'Anghiera</a>'s descriptions of the first codices that arrived from the New World.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201913–15,_128_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201913–15,_128-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Scholar Arthur Miller, studying the pre-Conquest <a href="Nuttall_Codex" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuttall Codex">Nuttall Codex</a>, described a manufacture very similar to that of the Boturini Codex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201918–19_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201918–19-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Early European descriptions of the Boturini Codex describe it as being made of <a href="Agave#Uses" title="Agave">agave paper</a>, but later studies found the codex's paper to be <a href="Amate" title="Amate">amate</a>. Both are pre-Conquest, the latter being common before the establishment of European <a href="Paper_mills" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper mills">paper mills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201915_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201915-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>The Boturini Codex became part of the library of the eponymous <a href="Lorenzo_Boturini_Benaduci" title="Lorenzo Boturini Benaduci">Lorenzo Boturini Benaduci</a> during his time in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, from March 1736 to 31 January 1743. He began cataloging his collection while in prison with a manuscript dated to 15 July 1743, then produced a second by order of the Viceroy later that year. Two more catalogs of Boturini's collections were made by the Viceroyalty in 1745 and Boturini himself the next year, which lists the Boturini Codex as its first item. The codex continued to appear in indexes of Boturini's collection as it moved around Mexico until 1823. <a href="William_Bullock_(collector)" title="William Bullock (collector)">William Bullock</a>, an English traveler and collector, took the codex under dubious conditions to London and there included it in an exhibition on Mexico on 8 April 1824. Once the exhibition was closed, Bullock returned the codex to Mexico, though the circumstances of that return are unknown. The codex was much changed at this time; Bullock printed and attached a label to present final folio, and it seems that the final folios were lost between the years 1804 and 1824.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201941,_132–37,_139,_140_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201941,_132–37,_139,_140-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At some point, gold paint was added to the edges of the codex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan2019140_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan2019140-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Once back in Mexico, the Boturini Codex and the rest of the treasury's collection of antiquities was turned over to the newly-formed National Museum. That institution, now the <a href="National_Museum_of_Anthropology_(Mexico)" title="National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)">National Museum of Anthropology</a>, continues to house and display the codex as Manuscript 35-38. In 2015, a digitized version of the codex was made available online by the National Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan20197,_13,_140_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan20197,_13,_140-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2></div>

<p>The codex depicts the events of the Mexica migration from <a href="Aztl%C3%A1n" title="Aztlán">Aztlán</a> and their history from the years 1168 to 1355 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAguilar-Moreno2007267_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAguilar-Moreno2007267-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It begins with a priest leading <a href="Ch%C4%ABmalm%C4%81" title="Chīmalmā">Chimalma</a>, fabled ancestor of the <a href="Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Azteca</a>, from Aztlán via a boat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201927_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201927-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once they arrive at the shore, near <a href="Colhuacan_(altepetl)" title="Colhuacan (altepetl)">Colhuacan</a>, they build a sheltered altar for their god, <a href="Huitzilopochtli" class="mw-redirect" title="Huitzilopochtli">Huitzilopochtli</a>, who ordered this migration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooneMignolo199452_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooneMignolo199452-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There they also encounter eight tribes that desire to accompany the Azteca.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201928_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201928-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Azteca agree and the nine tribes set out under the leadership of the four god-bearers, Chimalma, Apanecatl, Cuauhcoatl, and Tezcacoatl, each carrying a <i><a href="Sacred_bundle" title="Sacred bundle">tlaquimilolli</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201928–29_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201928–29-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Over folios 3 and 4, the Azteca are transformed into the Mexica when Huitzilopochtli chooses them to be his people and teaches them to sacrifice blood to him. He also instigates the split of the Mexica from the other eight tribes as foreshadowed on folio 3 with the broken tree and another image of Huitzilopochtli. Next, five men eat together from one basket, then six men sit together, talking and weeping. Above the six figures, an Aztec (left) carries out Huitzilopochtli's instruction to break from the other eight tribes in a nighttime discussion. On folio 4, the Mexica make their first human sacrifices to Huitzilopochtli, carried by who is Tezcacoatl. The people to be sacrificed are identified as not being Mexica by their animal fur clothes. The figure who broke with the other eight tribes is the executor of the sacrifices. Huitzilopochtli again appears, this time as an eagle, above the victims with a Mexica man to bring him a bow, arrow, <a href="Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">bow drill</a>, and woven basket.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201929–32_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201929–32-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Mexica arrive in the <a href="Basin_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Basin of Mexico">Basin of Mexico</a> at <a href="Chapultepec" title="Chapultepec">Chapultepec</a> on folio 18, which also depicts the first of the <a href="New_Fire_ceremony" title="New Fire ceremony">New Fire ceremonies</a> and the invention of the <i><a href="Atlatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlatl">atlatl</a></i>. After a 20-year stay and celebration of New Fire, the Mexica move on but are attacked and defeated near Acocolco. The victorious warriors bring the Mexica leader <a href="Huitzilihuitl" title="Huitzilihuitl">Huitzilihuitl</a> and his daughter Chimalaxoch before the <i><a href="Tlatoani" title="Tlatoani">tlatoani</a></i> of Colhuacan, Coxcox. The Mexica make an alliance with Colhuacan and intermarry with its people, thereby securing for themselves prestigious <a href="Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a> ancestry. Coxcox tasks the Mexica with battling the Xochimilco and to return with the ears of slain opponents as proof of the killing. Here the codex ends, just before the founding of Tenochtitlan. Indexes by the government of New Spain elucidate that folios lost in the early 19th century documented the wars of the Mexica around Chapultepec fought on Coxcox's behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201937–39,_140_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201937–39,_140-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The invention of <a href="Pulque" title="Pulque">pulque</a> is displayed on folio 13.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201937_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201937-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="gallerytext"> Folio 1. The Colhuacan glyph, on the right, has an uncovered draft line on its left side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201917_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201917-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>

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<div class="gallerytext"> Folio 2</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"> Folio 3</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"> Folio 4</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"> Folio 5. At the bottom portion of the glyph for Coatlicamac is a draft line running from the glyph's left to its right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201918_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201918-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>

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<div class="gallerytext"> Folio 6</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"> Folio 7</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"> Folio 8. The second glyph from the top in the left-side column is an example of excessive erasure by the <i>tlacuilo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201917_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201917-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>

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<div class="gallerytext"> Folio 9. Beneath and below the glyph for <a href="Apaxco" title="Apaxco">Apaxco</a> are the ghostly remains of two more date glyphs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201918_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201918-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>

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<div class="gallerytext"> Folio 10. The <i>tlacuilo</i> has here erased a red draft line from <a href="Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">3 Flint</a> to the glyph for <a href="Zumpango" title="Zumpango">Tzompanco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201920_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201920-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>

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<div class="gallerytext"> Folio 11</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"> Folio 12</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"> Folio 13</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"> Folio 14</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"> Folio 15</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"> Folio 16. The ant glyph in the bottom left corner is another example of excessive erasure by the <i>tlacuilo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201917_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201917-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>

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<div class="gallerytext"> Folio 17</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"> Folio 18</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"> Folio 19</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"> Folio 20</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"> Folio 21</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"> Folio 22</div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similarity_to_other_codices">Similarity to other codices</h3></div>

<p>The content of the Boturini Codex has much in common with the later <a href="Aubin_Codex" title="Aubin Codex">Aubin Codex</a>, which records nearly the exact itinerary as the Boturini Codex. The exception are discrepancies in dates for the first six sites of the migration, and at the end of the Aubin Codex. The latter codex emphasizes dates of arrival rather than of departure. The Aubin Codex also does not, in the depiction of the first sacrifice to Huitzilopochtli, have the victims appear differently to the Mexica.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201921–22,_24,_34_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201921–22,_24,_34-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Codex_Mexicanus" title="Codex Mexicanus">Codex Mexicanus</a>, a <a href="Palimpsest" title="Palimpsest">palimpsest</a> manuscript, also has strong resemblances to the Boturini Codex. The footprints are reproduced, as are the red lines linking date glyphs, and dates of departure are emphasized, as in Codex Boturini. The <i>tlacuiloque</i> only used black ink for the footprints.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201924–26_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201924–26-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Aztec_codices" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec codices">Aztec codices</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Aubin" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Aubin">Codex Aubin</a></li>

<li><a href="Lorenzo_Boturini_Benaduci" title="Lorenzo Boturini Benaduci">Lorenzo Boturini Benaduci</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The lack of quality color prints of Codex Boturini have led many scholars to erroneously believe that the codex was only painted in black ink.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201916_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201916-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The chemical makeup of the <a href="Gesso" title="Gesso">gesso</a> on Codex Boturini is unknown as the codex has, as of 2019, not undergone chemical analysis. Analyses of the pre-Conquest <a href="Codex_Colombino" title="Codex Colombino">Codex Colombino</a> and post-Conquest <a href="Codex_Selden" title="Codex Selden">Codex Selden</a> suggest that Codex Boturini's gesso is a mixture of <a href="Calcium_sulphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium sulphate">calcium sulphate</a> and <a href="Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201915–16_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201915–16-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 1746 and 1804 indexes of the Boturini collection record the Boturini codex as having 23 pages, while Bullock's, in 1824, describes it as having 21. The placement of Bullock's label also indicates that he received it in its damaged condition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan2019140_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan2019140-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Those eight tribes travelling with the Azteca from Colhuacan are the Huexotzinca, Chalca, Xochimilca, Cuitlihuaca, Malinalca, <a href="Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">Chichimeca</a>, <a href="Tepaneca" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepaneca">Tepaneca</a>, and the <a href="Matlatzinca_people" title="Matlatzinca people">Matlatzinca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201928_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201928-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFAguilar-Moreno2007" class="citation book cs1">Aguilar-Moreno, Manuel (2007). <i>Handbook of Life in the Aztec World</i>. <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780195330830</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBooneMignolo1994" class="citation book cs1">Boone, Elizabeth Hill; Mignolo, Walter (1994). <i>Writing Without Words: Alternative Literacies in Mesoamerica and the Andes</i>. <a href="Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780822313885</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLeibsohn2001" class="citation book cs1">Leibsohn, Dana (2001). "Boturini, Codex.". In Davíd Carrasco (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures: The Civilizations of Mexico and Central America</i>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780195188431</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRajagopalan2019" class="citation book cs1">Rajagopalan, Angela Herren (2019). <i>Portraying the Aztec Past: The Codices Boturini, Azcatitlan, and Aubin</i>. <a href="University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781477316078</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leibsohn, D. (2001). "Boturini, Codex". In <a href="David_Carrasco" title="David Carrasco">Davíd Carrasco</a> (ed). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195108156.001.0001/acref-9780195108156">The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures</a> Vol 1</i>. : Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780195188431</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan20197-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan20197_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan20197_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan20197_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, p. 7.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAguilar-Moreno2007267-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAguilar-Moreno2007267_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAguilar-Moreno2007267_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAguilar-Moreno2007267_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAguilar-Moreno2007">Aguilar-Moreno 2007</a>, p. 267.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan20197,_15-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan20197,_15_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, p. 7, 15.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201916-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201916_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, p. 16.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201913,_16-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201913,_16_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, pp. 13, 16.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201919–20-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201919–20_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, pp. 19–20.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201926-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201926_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, p. 26.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201915–16-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201915–16_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201915–16_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, pp. 15–16.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201916–17,_18-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201916–17,_18_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, pp. 16–17, 18.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201918-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201918_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201918_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201918_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, p. 18.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201913–15,_128-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201913–15,_128_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, pp. 13–15, 128.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201918–19-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201918–19_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, pp. 18–19.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201915-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201915_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, p. 15.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201941,_132–37,_139,_140-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201941,_132–37,_139,_140_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, pp. 41, 132–37, 139, 140.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan2019140-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan2019140_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan2019140_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, p. 140.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan20197,_13,_140-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan20197,_13,_140_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, pp. 7, 13, 140.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201927-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201927_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, p. 27.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooneMignolo199452-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooneMignolo199452_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooneMignolo1994">Boone & Mignolo 1994</a>, p. 52.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201928-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201928_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201928_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, p. 28.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201928–29-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201928–29_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, pp. 28–29.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201929–32-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201929–32_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, pp. 29–32.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201937–39,_140-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201937–39,_140_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, pp. 37–39, 140.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201937-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201937_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, p. 37.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201917-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201917_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201917_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201917_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, p. 17.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201920-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201920_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, p. 20.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201921–22,_24,_34-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201921–22,_24,_34_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, pp. 21–22, 24, 34.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201924–26-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopalan201924–26_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2019">Rajagopalan 2019</a>, pp. 24–26.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/index.php">Códices de México</a>, <a href="Instituto_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_e_Historia" title="Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia">Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia</a></li></ul>

<p><br>

</p>

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</style><div id="Aztec_mythology520" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:White">Aztec mythology</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #00A86B; color: White;;width:1%">Primordials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="%C5%8Cmete%C5%8Dtl" title="Ōmeteōtl">Ōmeteōtl</a>: Ometēcuthli and Omecihuātl (or <a href="T%C5%8Dnac%C4%81t%C4%93cuhtli" title="Tōnacātēcuhtli">Tōnacātēcuhtli</a> and <a href="T%C5%8Dnac%C4%81cihu%C4%81tl" title="Tōnacācihuātl">Tōnacācihuātl</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #00A86B; color: White;;width:1%"><a href="Aztec_creator_gods" title="Aztec creator gods"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:White">Creator gods</span></a><br><span style="font-size: 85%;">(Four Tezcatlipocas)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hu%C4%ABtzil%C5%8Dp%C5%8Dchtli" title="Huītzilōpōchtli">Huītzilōpōchtli</a></li>

<li><a href="Quetzalcoatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetzalcoatl">Quetzalcoatl</a></li>

<li><a href="Tezcatlipoca" title="Tezcatlipoca">Tezcatlipoca</a></li>

<li><a href="Xipe_Totec" title="Xipe Totec">Xipe Totec</a> (or <a href="Camaxtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Camaxtle">Camaxtle</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #00A86B; color: White;;width:1%"><a href="List_of_Aztec_gods_and_supernatural_beings" title="List of Aztec gods and supernatural beings"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:White">Deities</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lords_of_the_Night" title="Lords of the Night">Lords of the Night</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cente%C5%8Dtl" title="Centeōtl">Centeōtl</a></li>

<li><a href="Chalchiuhtlicue" title="Chalchiuhtlicue">Chalchiuhtlicue</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinteotl" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinteotl">Cinteotl</a></li>

<li><a href="Mictl%C4%81nt%C4%93cutli" title="Mictlāntēcutli">Mictlāntēcutli</a></li>

<li><a href="Piltzintecuhtli" title="Piltzintecuhtli">Piltzintecuhtli</a></li>

<li><a href="Tep%C4%93y%C5%8Dll%C5%8Dtl" title="Tepēyōllōtl">Tepēyōllōtl</a></li>

<li>Tezcatlipoca (see <i>Creator gods</i>)</li>

<li><a href="Tl%C3%A1loc" title="Tláloc">Tláloc</a></li>

<li><a href="Tlaz%C5%8Dlte%C5%8Dtl" title="Tlazōlteōtl">Tlazōlteōtl</a></li>

<li><a href="Xiuhtecuhtli" title="Xiuhtecuhtli">Xiuhtecuhtli</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lords_of_the_Day" title="Lords of the Day">Lords of the Day</a>

<ul><li><a href="Citl%C4%81licue" title="Citlālicue">Citlālicue</a></li>

<li><a href="Mict%C4%93cacihu%C4%81tl" title="Mictēcacihuātl">Mictēcacihuātl</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanahuatzin" title="Nanahuatzin">Nanahuatzin</a></li>

<li><a href="Tl%C4%81huizcalpantecuhtli" title="Tlāhuizcalpantecuhtli">Tlāhuizcalpantecuhtli</a></li>

<li><a href="Tlaltecuhtli" title="Tlaltecuhtli">Tlaltecuhtli</a></li>

<li><a href="T%C5%8Dnatiuh" title="Tōnatiuh">Tōnatiuh</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Acolnahuacatl_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acolnahuacatl (god)">Acolnahuacatl</a></li>

<li>Acuecueyotl (see <i>Chalchiuhtlicue</i>)</li>

<li><a href="Atlahua" title="Atlahua">Atlahua</a></li>

<li><a href="Atlacoya" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlacoya">Atlacoya</a></li>

<li><a href="Chalchiuhtotolin" title="Chalchiuhtotolin">Chalchiuhtotolin</a></li>

<li><a href="Chantico" title="Chantico">Chantico</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicomec%C5%8D%C4%81tl" title="Chicomecōātl">Chicomecōātl</a></li>

<li><a href="Ch%C4%ABmalm%C4%81" title="Chīmalmā">Chīmalmā</a></li>

<li><a href="Cihuac%C5%8D%C4%81tl" title="Cihuacōātl">Cihuacōātl</a></li>

<li><a href="Cihuatecayotl" title="Cihuatecayotl">Cihuatecayotl</a></li>

<li><a href="Cipactonal" title="Cipactonal">Cipactonal</a></li>

<li><a href="C%C5%8D%C4%81tl%C4%ABcue" title="Cōātlīcue">Cōātlīcue</a></li>

<li><a href="Coyolx%C4%81uhqui" title="Coyolxāuhqui">Coyolxāuhqui</a></li>

<li><a href="Ehecatl" title="Ehecatl">Ehecatl</a></li>

<li><a href="Hu%C4%93huecoy%C5%8Dtl" title="Huēhuecoyōtl">Huēhuecoyōtl</a></li>

<li><a href="Huitztlampaehecatl" title="Huitztlampaehecatl">Huitztlampaehecatl</a></li>

<li><a href="Huixtocihuatl" title="Huixtocihuatl">Huixtocihuatl</a></li>

<li><a href="Ilamatecuhtli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilamatecuhtli">Ilamatecuhtli</a></li>

<li><a href="%C4%AAtzp%C4%81p%C4%81l%C5%8Dtl" title="Ītzpāpālōtl">Ītzpāpālōtl</a></li>

<li><a href="Itzpapalotlcihuatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Itzpapalotlcihuatl">Itzpapalotlcihuatl</a></li>

<li><a href="Itzpapalotltotec" class="mw-redirect" title="Itzpapalotltotec">Itzpapalotltotec</a></li>

<li><a href="Itztlacoliuhqui" title="Itztlacoliuhqui">Itztlacoliuhqui</a></li>

<li><a href="Ixtlilton" title="Ixtlilton">Ixtlilton</a></li>

<li><a href="Macuiltochtli" title="Macuiltochtli">Macuiltochtli</a></li>

<li><a href="Macuilxochitl" class="mw-redirect" title="Macuilxochitl">Macuilxochitl</a></li>

<li><a href="Malinalxochitl" title="Malinalxochitl">Malinalxochitl</a></li>

<li><a href="Mayahuel" title="Mayahuel">Mayahuel</a></li>

<li><a href="Metztli" title="Metztli">Metztli</a></li>

<li><a href="Mictlanpachecatl" title="Mictlanpachecatl">Mictlanpachecatl</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixcoatl" title="Mixcoatl">Mixcoatl</a></li>

<li><a href="Opochtli" title="Opochtli">Opochtli</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxomoco" title="Oxomoco">Oxomoco</a></li>

<li><a href="Painal" title="Painal">Painal</a></li>

<li><a href="Patecatl" title="Patecatl">Patecatl</a></li>

<li><a href="T%C4%93ccizt%C4%93catl" title="Tēcciztēcatl">Tēcciztēcatl</a></li>

<li><a href="Temazcalteci" title="Temazcalteci">Temazcalteci</a></li>

<li><a href="Tepozt%C4%93catl" title="Tepoztēcatl">Tepoztēcatl</a></li>

<li><a href="Tlacotzontli" title="Tlacotzontli">Tlacotzontli</a></li>

<li><a href="Tlalocayotl" title="Tlalocayotl">Tlalocayotl</a></li>

<li><a href="Tlilhua" title="Tlilhua">Tlilhua</a></li>

<li><a href="Toltecatl" title="Toltecatl">Toltecatl</a></li>

<li><a href="Tonantzin" title="Tonantzin">Tonantzin</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicomec%C5%8D%C4%81tl" title="Chicomecōātl">Xilonen</a></li>

<li><a href="X%C5%8Dchipilli" title="Xōchipilli">Xōchipilli</a></li>

<li><a href="X%C5%8Dchiquetzal" title="Xōchiquetzal">Xōchiquetzal</a></li>

<li><a href="Xochitlicue" title="Xochitlicue">Xochitlicue</a></li>

<li><a href="Xocotl_(Aztec_god)" title="Xocotl (Aztec god)">Xocotl</a></li>

<li><a href="Xolotl" title="Xolotl">Xolotl</a></li>

<li><a href="Yacatecuhtli" title="Yacatecuhtli">Yacatecuhtli</a></li>

<li><a href="Zacatzontli" title="Zacatzontli">Zacatzontli</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #00A86B; color: White;;width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ahuiateteo" title="Ahuiateteo">Ahuiateteo</a></li>

<li><a href="Centzonm%C4%ABmixc%C5%8Da" title="Centzonmīmixcōa">Centzonmīmixcōa</a></li>

<li><a href="Centzonhu%C4%ABtzn%C4%81hua" title="Centzonhuītznāhua">Centzonhuītznāhua</a></li>

<li><a href="Centzon_T%C5%8Dt%C5%8Dchtin" title="Centzon Tōtōchtin">Centzon Tōtōchtin</a></li>

<li><a href="Cint%C4%93teo" title="Cintēteo">Cintēteo</a></li>

<li><a href="Cihuateteo" title="Cihuateteo">Cihuateteo</a></li>

<li><a href="Civateteo" class="mw-redirect" title="Civateteo">Civateteo</a></li>

<li><a href="Ehecatotontli" title="Ehecatotontli">Ehecatotontli</a></li>

<li><a href="Ti%C4%81nquiztli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiānquiztli">Tiānquiztli</a></li>

<li><a href="Tzitzimitl" title="Tzitzimitl">Tzitzimitl</a></li>

<li><a href="Xiuhtotontli" title="Xiuhtotontli">Xiuhtotontli</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #00A86B; color: White;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anahuac_(Aztec)" title="Anahuac (Aztec)">Anahuac</a></li>

<li><a href="Aztl%C3%A1n" title="Aztlán">Aztlán</a></li>

<li><a href="Cemanahuac" title="Cemanahuac">Cemanahuac</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicomoztoc" title="Chicomoztoc">Chicomoztoc</a></li>

<li><a href="Templo_Mayor" title="Templo Mayor">Huēyi Teōcalli</a></li>

<li><a href="Mictl%C4%81n" title="Mictlān">Mictlān</a> (The <i>Underworld</i>)</li>

<li><a href="Tamoanchan" title="Tamoanchan">Tamoanchan</a></li>

<li><a href="Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a></li>

<li><a href="Thirteen_Heavens" title="Thirteen Heavens">Thirteen Heavens</a></li>

<li><a href="Tl%C4%81l%C5%8Dc%C4%81n" title="Tlālōcān">Tlālōcān</a></li>

<li><a href="Tlillan-Tlapallan" title="Tlillan-Tlapallan">Tlillan-Tlapallan</a></li>

<li><a href="T%C5%8Dll%C4%81n" title="Tōllān">Tōllān</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #00A86B; color: White;;width:1%">Beliefs and <br>practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="The_Stinking_Corpse" title="The Stinking Corpse">The Stinking Corpse</a></li>

<li><a href="Aztec_use_of_entheogens" title="Aztec use of entheogens">Use of entheogens</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #00A86B; color: White;;width:1%">Codices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aubin_Codex" title="Aubin Codex">Aubin Codex</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesoamerican_codices" title="Mesoamerican codices">Aubin Manuscript no. 20</a></li>

<li><a href="Aubin_Tonalamatl" title="Aubin Tonalamatl">Aubin Tonalamatl</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Azcatitlan" title="Codex Azcatitlan">Codex Azcatitlan</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Azoy%C3%BA" title="Codex Azoyú">Codices Azoyú I & II</a></li>

<li><a href="Libellus_de_Medicinalibus_Indorum_Herbis" title="Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis">Badianus Manuscript</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesoamerican_codices" title="Mesoamerican codices">Codices Becker I & II</a></li>

<li>Boban Aztec Calendar Wheel</li>

<li><a href="Codex_Bodley" title="Codex Bodley">Codex Bodley</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Borbonicus" title="Codex Borbonicus">Codex Borbonicus</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Borgia" title="Codex Borgia">Codex Borgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapa_de_Cuauhtinchan_No._2" title="Mapa de Cuauhtinchan No. 2">Mapas de Cuauhtinchan 1-4</a></li>

<li><a href="Chimalpahin" title="Chimalpahin">Codex Chimalpahin</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Chimalpopoca" title="Codex Chimalpopoca">Codex Chimalpopoca</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Colombino" title="Codex Colombino">Codex Colombino</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Cospi" title="Codex Cospi">Codex Cospi</a></li>

<li><a href="Aztec_codex" title="Aztec codex">Codex Cozcatzin</a></li>

<li><a href="Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex">Codex Dresden</a></li>

<li><a href="Diego_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Diego Durán">Codex Durán</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Fej%C3%A9rv%C3%A1ry-Mayer" title="Codex Fejérváry-Mayer">Codex Fejérváry-Mayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Codex Florentine</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Huamantla" title="Codex Huamantla">Codex Huamantla</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dice_de_Huichapan" class="extiw external" title="es:Códice de Huichapan">Códice de Huichapan</a></li>

<li><a href="Huexotzinco_Codex" title="Huexotzinco Codex">Codex Huexotzinco</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesoamerican_codices" title="Mesoamerican codices">Humboldt fragment 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Ixtlilxochitl" title="Codex Ixtlilxochitl">Codex Ixtlilxochitl</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Laud" title="Codex Laud">Codex Laud</a></li>

<li><a href="Antonio_de_Le%C3%B3n_y_Gama" title="Antonio de León y Gama">Lienzo Antonio de León</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lienzo_Seler_Coixtlahuaca_II" class="extiw external" title="es:Lienzo Seler Coixtlahuaca II">Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca I & II</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesoamerican_codices" title="Mesoamerican codices">Lienzo de Santa María Nativitas</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesoamerican_codices" title="Mesoamerican codices">Lienzo de Santiago Ihuitlan</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lienzo_de_Zacatepec" class="extiw external" title="es:Lienzo de Zacatepec">Lienzo de Zacatepec I & II</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Madrid">Codex Madrid</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Magliabechiano" title="Codex Magliabechiano">Codex Magliabechiano</a></li>

<li><a href="Matr%C3%ADcula_de_Tributos" title="Matrícula de Tributos">Matrícula de Tributos</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Mexicanus" title="Codex Mexicanus">Codex Mexicanus</a></li>

<li><a href="Cr%C3%B3nica_Mexicayotl" title="Crónica Mexicayotl">Crónica Mexicayotl</a></li>

<li><a href="Maya_Codex_of_Mexico" title="Maya Codex of Mexico">Códice Maya de México</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Osuna" title="Codex Osuna">Codex Osuna</a></li>

<li><a href="Oztoticpac_Lands_Map_of_Texcoco" title="Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco">Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco</a></li>

<li><a href="Paris_Codex" title="Paris Codex">Paris Codex</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesoamerican_codices" title="Mesoamerican codices">Plano en papel de maguey</a></li>

<li><a href="Primeros_Memoriales" title="Primeros Memoriales">Primeros Memoriales</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Codex Porfirio Díaz">Codex Porfirio Díaz</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapa_Quinatzin" title="Mapa Quinatzin">Mapa Quinatzin</a></li>

<li><a href="Ram%C3%ADrez_Codex" title="Ramírez Codex">Codex Ramírez</a></li>

<li><a href="Aztec_codex" title="Aztec codex">Codex Reese</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaci%C3%B3n_de_Michoac%C3%A1n" class="extiw external" title="es:Relación de Michoacán">Relación de Michoacán</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_R%C3%ADos" title="Codex Ríos">Codex Ríos</a></li>

<li><a href="Romances_de_los_se%C3%B1ores_de_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Romances de los señores de Nueva España">Romances de los señores de Nueva España</a></li>

<li><a href="C%C3%B3dice_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Códice de Santa María Asunción">Codex Santa Maria Asunción</a></li>

<li><a href="Selden_Roll" title="Selden Roll">Selden Roll</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Mapa_de_Sig%C3%BCenza.jpg" class="extiw external" title="es:Archivo:Mapa de Sigüenza.jpg">Mapa Sigüenza</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Telleriano-Remensis" title="Codex Telleriano-Remensis">Codex Telleriano-Remensis</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesoamerican_codices" title="Mesoamerican codices">Tira de Tepechpan</a></li>

<li><a href="Anales_de_Tlatelolco" title="Anales de Tlatelolco">Anales de Tlatelolco</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Tlatelolco" title="Codex Tlatelolco">Codex Tlatelolco</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesoamerican_codices" title="Mesoamerican codices">Mapa Tloztin</a></li>

<li><a href="Historia_Tolteca-Chichimeca" title="Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca">Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Totomixtlahuaca" title="Codex Totomixtlahuaca">Codex Totomixtlahuaca</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Tudela" title="Codex Tudela">Codex Tudela</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesoamerican_codices" title="Mesoamerican codices">Anales de Tula</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Vaticanus_B" title="Codex Vaticanus B">Codex Vaticanus B</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Vindobonensis_Mexicanus_I" title="Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I">Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Xolotl" title="Codex Xolotl">Codex Xolotl</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Zouche-Nuttall" title="Codex Zouche-Nuttall">Codex Zouche-Nuttall</a></li></ul>

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